In Oracle/PLSQL, the to_char function converts a number or date to a string.
Syntax
The syntax for the to_char function is:
to_char( value, [ format_mask ], [ nls_language ] )
value can either be a number or date that will be converted to a string.
format_mask is optional. This is the format that will be used to convert value to a string.
nls_language is optional. This is the nls language used to convert value to a string.
Applies To
- Oracle 11g, Oracle 10g, Oracle 9i, Oracle 8i
Examples - Numbers
The following are number examples for the to_char function.
| to_char(1210.73, '9999.9') | would return '1210.7' |
| to_char(1210.73, '9,999.99') | would return '1,210.73' |
| to_char(1210.73, '$9,999.00') | would return '$1,210.73' |
| to_char(21, '000099') | would return '000021' |
Examples - Dates
The following is a list of valid parameters when the to_char function is used to convert a date to a string. These parameters can be used in many combinations.
| Parameter | Explanation |
|---|---|
| YEAR | Year, spelled out |
| YYYY | 4-digit year |
| YYY YY Y | Last 3, 2, or 1 digit(s) of year. |
| IYY IY I | Last 3, 2, or 1 digit(s) of ISO year. |
| IYYY | 4-digit year based on the ISO standard |
| Q | Quarter of year (1, 2, 3, 4; JAN-MAR = 1). |
| MM | Month (01-12; JAN = 01). |
| MON | Abbreviated name of month. |
| MONTH | Name of month, padded with blanks to length of 9 characters. |
| RM | Roman numeral month (I-XII; JAN = I). |
| WW | Week of year (1-53) where week 1 starts on the first day of the year and continues to the seventh day of the year. |
| W | Week of month (1-5) where week 1 starts on the first day of the month and ends on the seventh. |
| IW | Week of year (1-52 or 1-53) based on the ISO standard. |
| D | Day of week (1-7). |
| DAY | Name of day. |
| DD | Day of month (1-31). |
| DDD | Day of year (1-366). |
| DY | Abbreviated name of day. |
| J | Julian day; the number of days since January 1, 4712 BC. |
| HH | Hour of day (1-12). |
| HH12 | Hour of day (1-12). |
| HH24 | Hour of day (0-23). |
| MI | Minute (0-59). |
| SS | Second (0-59). |
| SSSSS | Seconds past midnight (0-86399). |
| FF | Fractional seconds. |
The following are date examples for the to_char function.
| to_char(sysdate, 'yyyy/mm/dd'); | would return '2003/07/09' |
| to_char(sysdate, 'Month DD, YYYY'); | would return 'July 09, 2003' |
| to_char(sysdate, 'FMMonth DD, YYYY'); | would return 'July 9, 2003' |
| to_char(sysdate, 'MON DDth, YYYY'); | would return 'JUL 09TH, 2003' |
| to_char(sysdate, 'FMMON DDth, YYYY'); | would return 'JUL 9TH, 2003' |
| to_char(sysdate, 'FMMon ddth, YYYY'); | would return 'Jul 9th, 2003' |
You will notice that in some to_char function examples, the format_mask parameter begins with "FM". This means that zeros and blanks are suppressed. This can be seen in the examples below.
| to_char(sysdate, 'FMMonth DD, YYYY'); | would return 'July 9, 2003' |
| to_char(sysdate, 'FMMON DDth, YYYY'); | would return 'JUL 9TH, 2003' |
| to_char(sysdate, 'FMMon ddth, YYYY'); | would return 'Jul 9th, 2003' |
The zeros have been suppressed so that the day component shows as "9" as opposed to "09".
Frequently Asked Questions
Question: Why doesn't this sort the days of the week in order?
select ename, hiredate, to_char((hiredate),'fmDay') "Day" from emp order by "Day";
Answer:
In the above SQL, the fmDay format mask used in the to_char function will return the name of the Day and not the numeric value of the day.
To sort the days of the week in order, you need to return the numeric value of the day by using the fmD format mask as follows:
select ename, hiredate, to_char((hiredate),'fmD') "Day" from emp order by "Day";
